对润滑油的各项指标含义大家知道有多少?下面工业润滑油厂家来为大家讲讲吧！

1、粘度

黏(nian)度是(shi)液体流(liu)(liu)动(dong)时流(liu)(liu)体的(de)(de)(de)内阻力，也(ye)就是(shi)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)内摩擦(ca)力，是(shi)表示油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性(xing)和流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)(yi)项指标(biao)。黏(nian)度越(yue)大，油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)膜(mo)(mo)强度越(yue)高(gao)，而流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)越(yue)差。一(yi)(yi)(yi)般所讲润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)膜(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)(de)厚薄就是(shi)指黏(nian)度的(de)(de)(de)大小。黏(nian)度越(yue)高(gao)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)品(pin)，所形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)膜(mo)(mo)会越(yue)强，但液体流(liu)(liu)动(dong)阻力亦会增(zeng)加。所以(yi)，选(xuan)用适当的(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)度是(shi)选(xuan)择(ze)润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)首要条件，也(ye)因此(ci)，工业润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)黏(nian)度值作为润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)号数（ISO黏(nian)度级(ji)别）。例如，ISO黏(nian)度级(ji)别 VG 46 就是(shi)40℃的(de)(de)(de)运动(dong)黏(nian)度值为46±10%。黏(nian)度的(de)(de)(de)测(ce)量(liang)(liang)方法是(shi)∶在规定(ding)(ding)温(wen)度下，规定(ding)(ding)量(liang)(liang)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)流(liu)(liu)经一(yi)(yi)(yi)个细管的(de)(de)(de)时间来衡量(liang)(liang)。测(ce)量(liang)(liang)用的(de)(de)(de)玻(bo)璃管和被(bei)测(ce)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)置于恒温(wen)的(de)(de)(de)水(shui)浴中在规定(ding)(ding)温(wen)度下恒温(wen)玻(bo)璃管上(shang)有刻度，乘上(shang)时间，便可得出黏(nian)度，单位是(shi)mm2/s。

2、粘度指数

润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)对润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效果(guo)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)很大(da)(da)，而(er)(er)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)则是(shi)(shi)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一个最重要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)参数。温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)时，润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)也随著变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)，温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)升高则黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)变(bian)(bian)小(xiao)，温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)降低则黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)变(bian)(bian)大(da)(da)。为(wei)了使机(ji)器(qi)得到良好(hao)(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)，就需要(yao)(yao)润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)在机(ji)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工作温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)范围内保持(chi)合适(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)。因(yin)此，我们(men)希(xi)望润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)受(shou)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)尽可能(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)减小(xiao)。润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)随温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)(er)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)就是(shi)(shi)所谓的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)。通常，润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)随温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)而(er)(er)变(bian)(bian)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)程度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)小(xiao)谓之(zhi)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)(hao)；反(fan)之(zhi)，则谓之(zhi)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)差(cha)。润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)与(yu)其(qi)组成有(you)关，由(you)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)原油(you)(you)(you)或不(bu)(bu)同(tong)馏份(fen)或不(bu)(bu)同(tong)精制工艺制得的(de)(de)(de)(de)润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)之(zhi)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)会不(bu)(bu)相同(tong)，一般(ban)环烷(wan)基油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)差(cha)，石(shi)蜡基油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)好(hao)(hao)(hao)，而(er)(er)加氢裂化(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)更好(hao)(hao)(hao)。评(ping)价油(you)(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)特性(xing)(xing)最广泛采(cai)用黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指数（简(jian)写VI），这(zhei)是(shi)(shi)润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)一项重要(yao)(yao)品(pin)(pin)质指标。黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指数越高，表示油(you)(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)受(shou)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影(ying)(ying)响(xiang)越小(xiao)，其(qi)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)越好(hao)(hao)(hao)。黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指数是(shi)(shi)用黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)较(jiao)好(hao)(hao)(hao)（VI=100）和(he)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)温(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)性(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)较(jiao)差(cha)（VI=0）的(de)(de)(de)(de)两种润(run)(run)(run)滑(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)油(you)(you)(you)为(wei)标准油(you)(you)(you)，以40℃及(ji)100℃的(de)(de)(de)(de)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)为(wei)基准进行(xing)比较(jiao)而(er)(er)得出(chu)。黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指数最简(jian)便、快捷的(de)(de)(de)(de)求取方(fang)法(fa)是(shi)(shi)通过已知该油(you)(you)(you)品(pin)(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)40℃与(yu)100℃运动黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)从(cong)《石(shi)油(you)(you)(you)产品(pin)(pin)黏(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)(nian)度(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)(du)指数表》（GB/T2541-88）中求取。

需要说明(ming)的(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)，黏(nian)度指(zhi)数也不(bu)是(shi)(shi)一个完美(mei)的(de)(de)表示油品(pin)黏(nian)温(wen)特性的(de)(de)参数。例(li)如它(ta)只能表示润滑油从40℃到(dao)100℃之间黏(nian)温(wen)曲线的(de)(de)平缓度，不(bu)一定能说明(ming)实用上极为重要的(de)(de)40℃以下、100℃以上的(de)(de)黏(nian)温(wen)特性。

3、倾点和凝点

倾(qing)点(dian)是(shi)在规(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下被冷却的(de)(de)试(shi)(shi)样能(neng)流动时的(de)(de)最低温度(du)，凝(ning)点(dian)是(shi)试(shi)(shi)样在规(gui)定(ding)的(de)(de)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)下冷却到停(ting)止移动时的(de)(de)最高温度(du)，均以℃表示。倾(qing)点(dian)或凝(ning)点(dian)是(shi)一个(ge)条(tiao)(tiao)(tiao)件(jian)(jian)(jian)试(shi)(shi)验值，并(bing)不等于实际使(shi)用的(de)(de)流动极限。

4、闪点

润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)闪点(dian)是润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)贮存、运输和使(shi)用的(de)一(yi)个安(an)全(quan)指(zhi)标，同时(shi)(shi)也(ye)是润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)挥(hui)(hui)(hui)发(fa)性(xing)指(zhi)标。闪点(dian)低的(de)润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)，挥(hui)(hui)(hui)发(fa)性(xing)高(gao)，容(rong)易(yi)着火，安(an)全(quan)性(xing)差，润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)挥(hui)(hui)(hui)发(fa)性(xing)高(gao)，在(zai)工(gong)作过程中容(rong)易(yi)蒸发(fa)损(sun)失，严重时(shi)(shi)甚至引起润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)粘度(du)增大(da)，影响(xiang)润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)使(shi)用。重质润滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的(de)闪点(dian)如(ru)突然(ran)降(jiang)低，可(ke)能发(fa)生轻油(you)混入事故。从安(an)全(quan)角(jiao)度(du)考虑，石(shi)油(you)产品(pin)的(de)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)是根据其闪点(dian)的(de)高(gao)低而分类的(de)：闪点(dian)在(zai)45℃以(yi)下(xia)的(de)为易(yi)燃(ran)品(pin)，闪点(dian)在(zai)45℃以(yi)上的(de)产品(pin)为可(ke)燃(ran)品(pin)。 

将油品加热(re)使温(wen)度(du)升高，其中的(de)一(yi)些成分(fen)蒸(zheng)发(fa)或(huo)分(fen)解便会(hui)(hui)产(chan)生(sheng)可燃性(xing)蒸(zheng)气(qi)，当(dang)达到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)温(wen)度(du)时，可燃性(xing)蒸(zheng)气(qi)与空气(qi)混合后并与火(huo)(huo)焰接触(chu)时会(hui)(hui)发(fa)生(sheng)瞬间闪火(huo)(huo)，这(zhei)个温(wen)度(du)叫(jiao)，闪点(dian)(dian)的(de)单位是(shi)℃。根(gen)据测定(ding)方法和仪器(qi)的(de)不同，闪点(dian)(dian)可分(fen)为开(kai)口(kou)(kou)闪点(dian)(dian) (GB/T267-88法)和闭口(kou)(kou)闪点(dian)(dian) (GB/T261-83法)。通常，开(kai)口(kou)(kou)闪点(dian)(dian)用于测定(ding)重质润(run)滑(hua)油或(huo)者深色(se)石油产(chan)品的(de)闪点(dian)(dian)，闭口(kou)(kou)闪点(dian)(dian)用于测定(ding)蒸(zheng)发(fa)性(xing)较大的(de)燃料和轻质润(run)滑(hua)油(一(yi)般闪点(dian)(dian)在150℃以下)的(de)闪点(dian)(dian)。

闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)是表(biao)(biao)示(shi)油(you)(you)品(pin)蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)发性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)一项指(zhi)标。油(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)馏(liu)份越(yue)(yue)(yue)轻，蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)发性(xing)(xing)越(yue)(yue)(yue)大，其闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)也(ye)越(yue)(yue)(yue)低。反之，油(you)(you)品(pin)馏(liu)份越(yue)(yue)(yue)重，蒸(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)发性(xing)(xing)越(yue)(yue)(yue)小(xiao)，闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)也(ye)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高。闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)又是表(biao)(biao)示(shi)石油(you)(you)产品(pin)著火危险(xian)性(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)指(zhi)标。油(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)危险(xian)等(deng)级根据闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)划(hua)分∶闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)在45℃以下(xia)为易燃(ran)品(pin)，45℃以上为可(ke)燃(ran)品(pin)。在油(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)储(chu)运过(guo)程中严禁油(you)(you)品(pin)受热到它的(de)(de)闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)温度(du)。在黏度(du)相同的(de)(de)情(qing)况(kuang)下(xia)，油(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)越(yue)(yue)(yue)高越(yue)(yue)(yue)好。用(yong)(yong)户在选用(yong)(yong)润滑(hua)油(you)(you)时应(ying)根据使用(yong)(yong)温度(du)和润滑(hua)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)工作条件进行选择。一般(ban)，油(you)(you)品(pin)的(de)(de)闪(shan)(shan)点(dian)应(ying)比(bi)使用(yong)(yong)温度(du)高20℃~30℃才可(ke)保证安全。

5、燃点

燃(ran)(ran)点(dian)又叫(jiao)着火(huo)(huo)点(dian)，是指可燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)液(ye)体(ti)表(biao)面上的(de)蒸汽和空气(qi)的(de)混合物与火(huo)(huo)接触而发(fa)生(sheng)火(huo)(huo)焰能继续燃(ran)(ran)烧(shao)不少于5s时的(de)温度。可在测定(ding)闪点(dian)后继续在同一标准仪器中测定(ding)。可燃(ran)(ran)性(xing)(xing)液(ye)体(ti)的(de)闪点(dian)和燃(ran)(ran)点(dian)表(biao)明其(qi)发(fa)生(sheng)爆炸或火(huo)(huo)灾的(de)可能性(xing)(xing)的(de)大(da)小(xiao)，对运输、储存和使用的(de)安全有极大(da)关系(xi)。 

6、润滑油的灰分

润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的灰(hui)分(fen)，是润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)在规定的条(tiao)件(jian)下(xia)完全燃烧后(hou)，剩下(xia)的残留(liu)物(wu)（不燃物(wu)）。润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的灰(hui)分(fen)主要是由(you)润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)完全燃烧后(hou)生成的金属盐类和金属氧化(hua)物(wu)所组成。含有添加剂(ji)的润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的灰(hui)分(fen)较(jiao)高。润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)中灰(hui)分(fen)的存在，使润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)在使用(yong)中积碳增加，润(run)滑(hua)(hua)油(you)的灰(hui)分(fen)过高时，将造成机械零件(jian)的磨损。 

7、残炭值

润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)中(zhong)的(de)沥(li)青(qing)质，胶质及(ji)多(duo)环芳(fang)烃的(de)叠合物是形成残(can)炭(tan)的(de)主要物质。因此(ci)残(can)炭(tan)是油(you)(you)品(pin)中(zhong)胶状物质和不稳定(ding)化合物的(de)间接指标。残(can)炭(tan)越大(da)，油(you)(you)品(pin)中(zhong)不稳定(ding)的(de)烃类和胶状物质就(jiu)越多(duo)，反之，则越少。根据残(can)炭(tan)的(de)大(da)小，可大(da)致判定(ding)油(you)(you)品(pin)在压(ya)缩(suo)机(ji)中(zhong)结炭(tan)的(de)倾(qing)向。对于润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)料(liao)来(lai)讲，残(can)炭(tan)值可间接表示(shi)润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)的(de)精(jing)制程度(du)，精(jing)制程度(du)越深的(de)润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)，残(can)炭(tan)值就(jiu)越小。 

8、防锈蚀性

润滑油延缓(huan)金属部件生锈的(de)(de)能力(li)称(cheng)防锈性。常用的(de)(de)锈蚀测(ce)定(ding)法是(shi)GB/T11143-89。该方法是(shi)将一(yi)支标准钢棒浸入(ru)300ml试(shi)油中，并加入(ru)30ml(A)蒸馏水(shui)或(huo)(B)人工海水(shui)，在66℃的(de)(de)条件下，以1000r／min的(de)(de)搅拌使油乳(ru)化、经过24h后(hou)把钢棒取(qu)出(chu)冲洗，晾(liang)乾后(hou)观察，用目测(ce)评定(ding)试(shi)棒的(de)(de)生锈程度，分为无(wu)锈、轻锈、中锈、重(zhong)锈四(si)级(ji)。

水(shui)和(he)(he)氧的(de)(de)(de)存在是生锈(xiu)不(bu)可缺少的(de)(de)(de)条件。汽车(che)齿(chi)轮(lun)中(zhong)，由于空气中(zhong)湿(shi)气在齿(chi)轮(lun)箱中(zhong)冷凝而有(you)水(shui)存在。工业润(run)滑装(zhuang)置如齿(chi)轮(lun)装(zhuang)置、液(ye)压系(xi)统和(he)(he)透平装(zhuang)置等由于使用环(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)关(guan)系(xi)，也(ye)(ye)不(bu)可避免(mian)地有(you)水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)侵入。其次，油中(zhong)酸(suan)性物质的(de)(de)(de)存在也(ye)(ye)会促进(jin)锈(xiu)蚀。为了提(ti)高油品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)防锈(xiu)性能，常常加入一些极性有(you)机物，即防锈(xiu)剂(ji)。

9、抗腐蚀性

油品的(de)(de)抗腐(fu)蚀性测定采用(yong)(yong)油品在一定温度(du)(du)条件下对紫(zi)铜片腐(fu)蚀的(de)(de)程度(du)(du)来评价润(run)滑油的(de)(de)抗腐(fu)蚀性。常用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)GB/T5096试(shi)(shi)验(yan),是在试(shi)(shi)油中放入铜片,在恒定的(de)(de)温度(du)(du)下(按使用(yong)(yong)要求，如100℃、12l℃) 浸泡(pao)3小时，取出铜片，与腐(fu)蚀标(biao)准色(se)板(ban)颜色(se)进行对比来确定润(run)滑油的(de)(de)腐(fu)蚀等级。下图是美国材料试(shi)(shi)验(yan)学会制定的(de)(de)腐(fu)蚀标(biao)准色(se)板(ban)。腐(fu)蚀等级分为1、2、3、4级，每一级别又作a、b、c┅┅分级。 

润滑油的(de)腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)主要是(shi)由于(yu)油中(zhong)的(de)某些(xie)酸性物(wu)(wu)质(zhi)、氧化产物(wu)(wu)和金属反(fan)应的(de)关系。对(dui)于(yu)某些(xie)含(han)有活性硫(liu)极压添(tian)加(jia)(jia)剂的(de)油品来说，铜腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)某些(xie)程度上反(fan)映硫(liu)化物(wu)(wu)的(de)活性，这(zhei)可以(yi)通过加(jia)(jia)入防腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)剂来抑制(zhi)。随著油品品种的(de)发展和品质(zhi)的(de)提高，绝大(da)多(duo)数油品中(zhong)都加(jia)(jia)入了足够的(de)多(duo)效(xiao)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)剂。但这(zhei)些(xie)添(tian)加(jia)(jia)剂可能使(shi)铜片变色(常常是(shi)一层砖红色的(de)保持薄层)，而在(zai)实际(ji)使(shi)用(yong)中(zhong)，却(que)有著很好的(de)防腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)性能。因此(ci)对(dui)铜片腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)试验(yan)应全面分析，不能以(yi)为腐蚀(shi)(shi)(shi)试验(yan)有变色就不合格以(yi)至不能用(yong)。

10、抗乳(ru)化性（分水性）

乳(ru)化(hua)是一(yi)种(zhong)液(ye)体(ti)在另一(yi)种(zhong)液(ye)体(ti)中充分(fen)分(fen)散(san)形(xing)成(cheng)乳(ru)状液(ye)的(de)现(xian)象, 乳(ru)化(hua)液(ye)是一(yi)个两相体(ti)系，它(ta)是两种(zhong)液(ye)体(ti)混合(he)而非溶解。 破乳(ru)化(hua)则是从(cong)乳(ru)状液(ye)中把两种(zhong)液(ye)体(ti)分(fen)离的(de)过程.润滑(hua)油的(de)抗乳(ru)化(hua)性(xing)是指油品遇水不发生乳(ru)化(hua), 或虽乳(ru)化(hua),但在静(jing)置时油能与水迅速分(fen)离的(de)性(xing)能。

两(liang)种液(ye)体(ti)能否形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)稳定的(de)(de)乳(ru)状(zhuang)(zhuang)液(ye)取决于两(liang)种液(ye)体(ti)之间(jian)的(de)(de)介面(mian)(mian)张(zhang)力(li)。由于介面(mian)(mian)张(zhang)力(li)的(de)(de)存在(zai)，两(liang)相(xiang)体(ti)系总是倾向于缩小两(liang)种液(ye)体(ti)之间(jian)的(de)(de)接(jie)触面(mian)(mian)积(ji)以(yi)降低系统的(de)(de)表面(mian)(mian)能，即(ji)分(fen)散相(xiang)总是倾向于由小液(ye)滴(di)合并成(cheng)(cheng)大液(ye)滴(di)以(yi)减小液(ye)滴(di)的(de)(de)总面(mian)(mian)积(ji)，乳(ru)化状(zhuang)(zhuang)态也就(jiu)随之而被(bei)破坏(huai)。介面(mian)(mian)张(zhang)力(li)越(yue)大，这一(yi)倾向就(jiu)越(yue)强烈，也就(jiu)越(yue)不易形(xing)成(cheng)(cheng)稳定的(de)(de)乳(ru)状(zhuang)(zhuang)液(ye)。

润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)与(yu)水之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)介(jie)面(mian)(mian)张力(li)随润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)组成(cheng)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)而(er)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)。深(shen)(shen)度(du)精制(zhi)的(de)基础油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)以(yi)及某些(xie)成(cheng)品油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)与(yu)水之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)介(jie)面(mian)(mian)张力(li)相当大，约为(40~50)×10-5N/cm，因(yin)此(ci)，不(bu)(bu)会生(sheng)(sheng)成(cheng)稳定的(de)乳状(zhuang)液(ye)。但是(shi)，如果润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)基础油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)的(de)精制(zhi)深(shen)(shen)度(du)不(bu)(bu)够，其(qi)抗乳化性也就较差。尤其(qi)是(shi)当润(run)滑(hua)油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)中含有一些(xie)表(biao)面(mian)(mian)活性物(wu)质(zhi)时，如清净分散剂(ji)(ji)、油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)性剂(ji)(ji)、极压剂(ji)(ji)、酸(suan)质(zhi)、沥青质(zhi)及尘(chen)土(tu)粒等，它们都是(shi)带(dai)有亲油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)基和亲水基物(wu)质(zhi)，吸(xi)附在油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)水介(jie)面(mian)(mian)上，使油(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)(you)与(yu)水之(zhi)(zhi)间(jian)的(de)介(jie)面(mian)(mian)张力(li)降低，因(yin)此(ci)容易发生(sheng)(sheng)乳化。

液(ye)压油(you)、齿轮(lun)油(you)、透平油(you)等用于(yu)循环(huan)系统的(de)润滑油(you)常常不可避免(mian)(mian)地(di)会混(hun)入(ru)(ru)一(yi)些冷却水(shui)，若(ruo)抗(kang)(kang)乳化性不好，将与混(hun)入(ru)(ru)的(de)水(shui)形成乳化液(ye)，使(shi)水(shui)不易(yi)从(cong)油(you)箱底(di)部放(fang)出，因(yin)此，这类油(you)品一(yi)定要有好的(de)抗(kang)(kang)乳化性。油(you)品发生乳化，不仅会降(jiang)低润滑性能、损(sun)坏(huai)机件，而且易(yi)形成油(you)泥。油(you)品的(de)氧化，酸值的(de)增(zeng)加，杂质的(de)混(hun)入(ru)(ru)，都(dou)会使(shi)抗(kang)(kang)乳化性变差，在使(shi)用、保管和贮运过程中亦要避免(mian)(mian)杂质的(de)混(hun)入(ru)(ru)和污(wu)染。

抗乳化(hua)性的测试方法(fa)主要有两种(zhong)∶ 

1、GB/T7305-86法(ASTM D 1401法)用于(yu)测(ce)定粘度不很(hen)高的(de)油品(pin)的(de)抗乳化性。

在量(liang)(liang)筒(tong)中放(fang)入等量(liang)(liang)（40ml）蒸馏水(shui)(shui)和试(shi)油(you)，在规定的(de)温(wen)度(54℃或82℃)恒温(wen)，以1500r/min的(de)速度搅拌5min，静置(zhi)到(dao)油(you)水(shui)(shui)分离(li)(li)，记录量(liang)(liang)筒(tong)内分离(li)(li)的(de)油(you)、水(shui)(shui)、乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)层体(ti)积的(de)毫升数(shu)和相(xiang)应的(de)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(min)。以油(you)—水(shui)(shui)—乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)层的(de)毫升数(shu)和油(you)水(shui)(shui)分离(li)(li)的(de)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)(min)表示抗乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)，液压油(you)通(tong)常要(yao)求(qiu)油(you)-水(shui)(shui)-乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)层分离(li)(li)到(dao)40—37—3ml的(de)时(shi)间(jian)(jian) (即破乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)时(shi)间(jian)(jian))作(zuo)为抗乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)指标，破乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)时(shi)间(jian)(jian)越短，油(you)与水(shui)(shui)越容易分离(li)(li)开来，则(ze)该(gai)油(you)品(pin)的(de)抗乳(ru)(ru)(ru)化(hua)(hua)性(xing)就(jiu)越好。

2、GB/T8022-87(ASTM D 2711法)

对(dui)于高粘(zhan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)油(you)品(pin)（工业(ye)齿轮油(you)），试验精度(du)等(deng)方(fang)面有缺陷。可采用在(zai)一带(dai)刻(ke)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)专用分(fen)(fen)液(ye)漏斗(dou)中，加入一定(ding)体积的(de)(de)(de)试油(you)和(he)蒸(zheng)馏水(shui)在(zai)82℃温度(du)下(xia)高速搅拌5min，静置(zhi)5h之(zhi)后，测定(ding)并记录分(fen)(fen)离出来的(de)(de)(de)“乳化液(ye)毫升(sheng)数(shu)(shu)”、 “油(you)中水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)百分(fen)(fen)数(shu)(shu)”(用离心法分(fen)(fen)离)和(he)“游离水(shui)的(de)(de)(de)总毫升(sheng)数(shu)(shu)” 表示抗乳化性(xing)。

以上都(dou)是工(gong)业(ye)润(run)滑(hua)油厂(chang)家(jia)为(wei)大(da)家(jia)讲解的相(xiang)关(guan)内容，希望可以帮助到大(da)家(jia)！